THE WORLD CAME together to build 5G. Now the next-generation wireless technology is pulling the world apart.

The latest version of the 5G technical specifications, expected Friday, adds features for connecting autonomous cars, intelligent factories, and internet-of-things devices to crazy fast 5G networks. The blueprints reflect a global effort to develop the technology, with contributions from more than a dozen companies from Europe, the US, and Asia.

And yet, 5G is also pulling nations apart—with the US and China anchoring the tug-of-war. Tensions between Washington and Beijing over trade, human rights, the handling of Covid-19, and Chinese misinformation are escalating global divisions around the deployment of 5G. A growing number of countries are aligning with either a Western or a Chinese version of the tech.

“National security and commercial interests are all entangled, and it’s very hard to separate them,” says Scott Wallsten, president of the Technology Policy Institute, a think tank.

The way 5G was created, and the way it is now being deployed, capture an ongoing conundrum for Western countries—how to balance healthy competition and collaboration with national interests and the rise of China.

The 5G dispute centers on Huawei, arguably China’s most important tech company, with a dominant position in networking equipment, a big smartphone business, and increasingly sophisticated chips. The company is accused of stealing technology and of having close ties to the Chinese government that might enable cyberespionage. It has become a symbol of China’s ambitions to dominate the technology, through innovation as well as nefarious means.

“National security and commercial interests are all entangled, and it’s very hard to separate them.”

SCOTT WALLSTEN, PRESIDENT, TECHNOLOGY POLICY INSTITUTE

The US and some allies, including Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Taiwan, have banned Huawei and other Chinese telcos like ZTE from their networks. Other nations have balked at US-led efforts to keep Huawei and other Chinese firms out of the picture. Argentina, Brazil, Russia, the Philippines, and Thailand, all welcome China’s 5G tech.

A key question is how this bifurcation will affect the workings of a standard that was meant to be open and global. “We risk further fragmenting the internet and the way different networks connect to each other,” says Wallsten.

Even if 5G was meant to be a truly global communications standard, the technical plans reflect shifting national strengths and resulting tensions.

The 5G standards outline plans for insanely fast wireless speeds of up to 1 GB per second—50 times faster than the average US broadband connection—with few delays. Think playing high-end games without any lag or robots that feed on artificial intelligence hosted in the cloud. And, of course, 5G is expected to inspire innovations and businesses that could change the technology landscape. By various estimates, the technology could generate several trillion dollars for the global economy over the next couple of decades. It’s no surprise that every country wants a piece of the action.

China’s Dominance in 5G Standards

The technical specifications for 5G are developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), a coalition of standards organizations from the US, Europe, China, Japan, India, and South Korea. The group is putting the finishing touches on Version 16 of the 5G specs, which will add features that let devices hop among a wider range of wireless spectrum, offer high-precision positioning, vehicle-to-vehicle connectivity, and more reliable, virtually instantaneous communications, crucial for industrial uses.

Many companies have contributed to the drafting of 5G, but the standard reflects a shift from US and European tech to Chinese compared with 4G, the previous standard. An analysis of contributions to 3GPP specifications, published in August 2019 by IHS Markit, found that Chinese firms contributed approximately 59 percent of the standards, with Huawei accounting for most of those. The standards for 4G were led by European and American firms.

“The US wrote 4G,” says Charles Clancy, vice president for intelligence programs at MITRE, a nonprofit that manages US research projects. “In the meantime, through government subsidies and cybertheft of competitors’ intellectual property, Huawei became the global leader while nobody was watching,” says Clancy, who has studied 5G security. “They slowly took control of the standards groups, and China wrote 5G.” Huawei declined to comment.

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It’s hard to gauge how much China stands to gain from its role in shaping the standards—or how much the US stands to lose. Defining technical standards can give hardware makers an edge in developing products that use the standards. Huawei has also been accused of making its hardware difficult to combine with other gear. A November report from the Center for New American Security warns that 5G promises to have such broad uses that the US could suffer economically and militarily if it lets China get too far ahead.

The competition can get tricky, however. Last month, the US government clarified a rule allowing US companies to work with Huawei on technical standards, after previous versions apparently caused US firms to lessen their involvement in standard-shaping.

International Responses and New Alliances

Despite the complexities, many countries are falling in line with the US. Secretary of state Mike Pompeo declared last week that the “tide is turning against Huawei” and hailed “clean telcos” in India, France, Australia, South Korea, and the UK that are spurning the Chinese company’s tech. On the same day, the government of Singapore chose Ericsson of Sweden and Nokia of Finland, instead of Huawei, to install its national 5G network.

Some countries seem keen to take advantage of the division between the US and China. A day after Singapore made its choice, Japan’s dominant telco, NTT Docomo, took a 5 percent stake in hardware maker NEC, and the companies outlined plans to compete globally in 5G. The Japanese government also signaled plans to push a Japanese version of the technology.

5G has inspired new coalitions among nations, including the D-10, a coalition of democratic nations proposed by the UK that would collaborate on technologies like 5G as well as global supply chains.

Samm Sacks, a fellow at New America, notes the US is becoming more offensive in its competition with China. The focus is on AI, chip development, and 5G. This includes proposing increased investment in chipmaking and promoting open communication standards.